Do Human Races Actually Exist?

Very strange times this morning. I actually find myself in agreement with a Guardian article on race. In essence, except for a few genetically determined diseases and their statistical prevalence, there is nothing very much valid with the idea of dividing humans into races at all. A bit like PJ O’Rourke’s views on sex differences, there are times when acknowledging the differences are important, when making babies, and times when they are irrelevant, when trading bonds.

I rather like seeing actual evidence of one of my own prejudices, that variations within a so called race are greater than variations between such so called races:

In 1972, the evolutionary
geneticist Richard Lewontin pointed out that 85% of human genetic
diversity occurred within rather than between populations, and only
6%-10% of diversity is associated with the broadly defined races.

I’d agree whole heartedly with the general conclusion:

Broad racial
classifications mask great genetic diversity within them. Thus
sickle-cell anaemia is prevalent in people whose ancestors came from
malaria-rife regions, including the Mediterranean coastline, not simply
Africa; and Ashkenazi, but not Sephardi, Jews have a higher risk of
Tay-Sachs disease and breast cancer.

The
consequence is that, as a scientific concept, race is well past its
sell-by date. The study of biological difference needs a new concept –
one that makes possible sensitive recognition of the diversity of
health risk, and of tracing our own ancestral roots through DNA
analysis. And we need it to be a concept fit for the longing for a
post-racist 21st century. So let’s hear it for the clunky, let’s hear
it for the precise – hooray for biogeographical ancestry.

Although I do admit to being a little puzzled by this:

For instance, there are
average gene differences between the populations of north and south
Wales, which contribute to different geographically distributed disease
susceptibilities, but it would be a bold scientist or politician who
would argue that here are two distinct races.

Well, as we’ve already insisted that race itself is not a relevant term to apply to humans, I suppose so. But the explanation of the genetic differences is fairly simple. North Wales is (mostly) populated by the descendants of the original Celts, while South Wales is by the descendants of those Midlanders who flocked in to work in the Marquis of Cardiff’s coal mines. A gross simplification, of course, but an element of truth to it.

Anyway, now that we have rejected the idea of race who’s going to tell Trevor Phillips that he’s out of a job? We’d only save 50 million or so directly, but if we take the idea to heart, we would and could destroy the whole Race Relations Industry, at great benefit to both the tax coffers and the population at large (plus screw the Guardian’s job advertising sales). Sweet, eh?

8 responses

  1. As a South Walean, I consider the North Welsh to be a different race. A race of reject Scousers, to be exact.

  2. “In 1972, the evolutionary geneticist Richard Lewontin pointed out that 85% of human genetic diversity occurred within rather than between populations, and only 6%-10% of diversity is associated with the broadly defined races.”
    Yeah, well analytical techniques have moved on a bit since 1972 and, if anything show the variation between races as opposed to between individuals is even less than that.
    There are of course differences which have important consequences for the efficacy of drugs, even after socio-economic differences are taken into account. Eventually of course, our local GP will just read our specific genetic make-up and treat us according to the data of how we are as individuals.
    I should really write a post about this – there’s loads of interesting data coming out about well-educated second generation Indian immigrants in the US and UK, but I feel far too hungover at the moment.
    And anyway, no matter what I may know about genetics (and it’s not very much), and for all my liberal talk, I’m a white guy. If I happened to bump into Trevor Phillips on a dark street, my immediate, knee-jerk thought would be “Heavens, that man doesn’t half talk some jibberish now and again”.

  3. Don’t forget that a lot of Irish ended up in the coal fields too (both in england and in Wales).
    But the main argument is rubbish; it looks as though someone picked something that suited what he knew separately to be true. It would have been better to pick an argument that actually worked.
    The catch is, the same argument is general enough to be applied elsewhere, including some cases that don’t work. That means that you need at the very least to prove some lemmas to make it work for humanity.
    In particular, there is more genetic variation among chimpanzees than between them and people (though not so much among people as among chimpanzees). That shows that the mere quantity of variation is not enough; we need to take into account the significance of what is varying too.
    Similarly, some people are willing to make such arbitrary classifications as those that make dingoes at risk as a separate species – their gene pool is getting too diluted by European dogs. At the very least we should apply consistent standrads when classifying dogs and people.
    That’s not to say that race is particularly helpful, rather that someone was too willing to accept an argument, stopping when he had an answer he liked. That leads to selective editing, not scientific accuracy.

  4. True. The premise does fit into a certain world-view prevalent at the Guardian. However, that doesn’t alter the idea that when you take culture out the mix, absolute genetic differences between races really aren’t that great.
    There *are* differences, see for example http://www.hapmap.org/ But if you try and get funding to examine why a greater percentage of one “race”, tends to be better at a certain activity than that of a second race. Especially if the generally more successful race (in that field) are, say, Northwestern Europeans, you’re not only not going to get it, but you’re going to be torn apart by the popular media as well.

  5. John East Avatar
    John East

    Lets take a step back and consider what language is all about. A language facilitates exchange of ideas and debate, but language can only fulfil this function if those using it ascribe the same meaning to words in the language. What often passes for debate, particularly between rival ideologies, involves subtle redefinitions of meaning, and wilful manipulation of language.
    “Race” or “no such thing as race” has developed into such a sterile argument more often based on semantics than on logical research. Unfortunately everybody, even supposedly coolly detached anthropologists in their ivory towers increasingly have an axe to grind.
    Perhaps looking at some facts without using the latest taboo words might help. For example, if I wanted to purchase a Yorkshire terrier puppy, and the breeder supplied me with a pit bull terrier would I be expected to accept the substitution without complaint. After all both dogs are from the same species, and have near identical genetic make-ups. Furthermore, as there is “no such thing as race” my perception that one dog is large and aggressive whilst the other is small and cuddly must surely be a mistaken notion based on my prejudices and ideology. Perhaps we need a new word to describe this paradox.
    I could go on and construct a similar argument comparing populations of homo sapiens which have arisen from genetically isolated breeding groups that have taken the first fleeting steps towards speciation, but as this would undoubtedly identify me a right wing, fascist, white supremacist bigot it’s probably best that I stick with the PC mantra.
    There is no such thing as race.

  6. dearieme Avatar
    dearieme

    If there’s no such thing as race, why did the last census ask me about mine? (It managed to say, or imply, contradictory things about race/ethnic group on the form itself and in the preamble to the form (or perhaps it was the covering letter) but race, or racial group, was mentioned.)
    Anyway, a friend took the hint and described himself as “human race”. He’s not been arrested. Yet.

  7. Rob Read Avatar
    Rob Read

    I allways put “winner” down when someone asks me about race.

  8. I am half Irish, quarter dutch and quarter Navajo..
    Most people think I look mostly Welsh like Catherin Zeta jones or Dean Cain..or exotic like Keanu Reeves… but by temperment I am undeniablly an orignal Celt.

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